Product Pricing Essay -- essays research papers

Product Pricing The cost of an â€Å"everyday low price† toy: $19.95. The cost of a Rolex watch: $2,465. A great paper explaining why corporations put these prices on products: priceless. Wal-Mart has become the leader in â€Å"everyday low price† pricing, and the number one retailer has brought many businesses to their demise because of their pricing strategy. Recently, Wal-Mart has expanded their sales niche to the toy department putting many specialty toy stores near or completely out of business. This paper will discuss how Wal-Mart priced their line of toys, why Wal-Mart used toys as â€Å"loss leaders† to attract customers, and two alternate methods of pricing marketers can use based on demand and reputation. Toy Pricing Pricing is an important aspect of every business. Chief Financial Officer’s (CFO) use pricing to create financial projections, establish a break-even point, and calculate profit and loss margins (Power Point, 2005). It is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue. Price is also one of the most flexible elements of the marketing mix as it can be changed very quickly. This is usually done to beat competitor prices in an attempt to fix the product’s market value position very low (Anderson & Bailey, 1998). After all, high prices make it difficult to become the market share leader. The leading US retailer, Wal-Mart, is an expert at low product pricing as evident in 2004 with $250 billion dollars in sales to their 138 million weekly shoppers. However, they are also responsible for reducing prices so low that it drives specialty stores out of business. This is the effect Wal-mart has had on many toy stores and has almost closed the doors of the famous toy st ore Toys â€Å"R† Us Inc. Wal-Mart set extremely low prices on toys in a very successful pricing strategy to attract customers and become the leader in toy sales (Grant, 2004). This pricing strategy is called market penetration pricing. Penetration pricing is used to enter the market quickly and win a large market share (Anderson & Bailey, 1998). These low prices have taken their toll on toy stores. Toys â€Å"R† Us is now the second largest toy seller in the U.S. behind Wal-Mart. Toys â€Å"R† Us was recently bought for $6.6 million by investors who hope to transform the store into a more viable store for the entire family (D’Innocenzio, 2005). Other toy stores are not as fortunate. FAO In... ...2004, October 12). Wal-Mart wants $10 cds. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on May 2, 2005 from http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6558540/thekillers?pageid=rs. Home&pageregion=single1&rnd=1097616001120&has-player=unknown D’Innocenzio, A. (2005, March 18). Toys R Us deal may reignite the industry. The San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved on April 25, 2005 from http://www.signonsandiego. com/uniontrib/20050318/news_1b18toys.html Grant, L. (2004, October 11). Wal-Mart doesn’t plan to toy much with prices; last year’s cuts hurt other retailers and left giant thinking it slashed too much. Proquest Document. USA Today. Pg B8. Johnson, L. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Academy of Marketing Science Review. Retrieved on May 4, 2005 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3896/is_199901/ai_n8843016 Loss leader. Retrieved on May 3, 2005 from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ encyclopedia/l/lo/loss_leader.htm Power Point Presentation (2005, May 1). Touro University International. Marketing 501 CD. Price skimming. (2005). Invetopedia.com. Retrieved on May4, 2005 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/priceskimming.asp

Elementary Education Essay

Thesis: Elementary teachers may not have highest income, but they have one of the most fulfilling careers. Introduction: When thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’s future success. While the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. I. What is the role of an elementary school teacher? a. Elementary teachers play an important part in not only the intellectual development but also the social development of their students. What students learn at a young age can affect the way they see themselves, others, and the world later in life. b. Elementary teachers have the responsibility of introducing their students to the core subjects of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. II. Education, Training, and Certification c. The normal route to becoming a teacher involves receiving a bachelor’s degree from a teacher education program, then obtaining a license. Teachers in private schools are not required to be licensed. d. Each state honors its own individual certifications. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a voluntary national certification, which is also honored by each state. Having a National Boards certification usually results in a higher income. III. Salary and Employment e. Teaching salaries vary by state, experience level, and location. f. Elementary teachers hold about 1. 5 million jobs. Employment is projected to grow about as fast as average, increasing 7-13% from 2008 to 2018. Elementary Education: Shaping the Minds of the Future When thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’s future success. Education to become a teacher is long and tedious, and while the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. Because there will always be a need for education, even with the recent budget cuts, teaching jobs will always have to be available somewhere. Elementary teachers play an important part in the intellectual development as well as the social development of their students. The education of young children can affect the way they view themselves, other people, and the world, and their success throughout life. Usually, one elementary teacher will teach several subjects to one class, of about 20 students. However, some will work in teams with other teachers, depending on the type of school (â€Å"Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. †). Teachers are faced with the responsibility of nurturing their students as well as their education. In the early years of elementary school, teachers introduce their students to the concepts of reading, writing, and counting. In the later years of elementary, teachers have the task of introducing the concepts of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. Teachers also have multiple behind-the-scenes duties. Teachers have the duty of creating daily lesson plans based on state requirements, assigning homework and making tests. They must keep records of grades made on homework assignments and tests. Teachers develop the materials that help students learn solving and reasoning. They also meet with parents of their students to discuss progress, lack of progress, and any discipline problems that may be occurring (â€Å"Elementary School Teachers. â€Å"). The traditional education route to becoming an elementary teacher involves earning a bachelor’s degree from a teacher education program, and then earning a license. A teacher’s education program normally includes courses such as the general mathematics, physical science, social science, music, art, and literature, as well as prescribed professional education courses, such as psychology of learning, and teaching methods. Normally, 4-year school schools require students to wait until their sophomore year before applying for admission to teacher education programs. Teacher education programs also require students to perform a student-teaching internship. It is not required to graduate from an accredited teacher education program to become a teacher, but it will make fulfilling license requirements easier. After receiving a bachelor’s degree, one should obtain a license from a teacher education program. The State Board of Education or a licensure advisory committee grants licensure. Teachers earn their degree in five different categories: the early childhood grades (preschool through third grade), the elementary grades (grades one through six or eight), the middle grades (grade five through eight), a specific secondary subject, or a special subject, such as music. Teaching in private schools does not require a license. The requirements for regular licenses vary by state. Each state individually issues and honors their teaching licenses. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a national certification. All 50 states honor this certification, and in some cases, teachers will receive special benefits for this certification. These benefits can include higher salaries, and reimbursement for continuing education and certification fees (â€Å"Teachers – Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. â€Å"). The salaries of teachers can vary by school location, teacher experience, and level of education. Public school teachers in elementary schools earn an average of $47,602. Private school teachers earn anywhere between $43,580 and $48,690. However, there are a few ways to increase a salary. Teachers have the option to teach summer school, sponsor or coach extra-curricular activities, or take on other extra duties at the school. Despite being on the lower end of income, teachers do have a non-monetary compensation of fulfillment, while watching their students develop new skills and learn new concepts (â€Å"Teacher Career Salary Expectations. †). Elementary teachers hold around 1. 5 million jobs. As well as affecting a teacher’s salary, the subjects and grade levels one is capable of teaching, and location can affect job opportunities. Jobs in inner cities and rural areas will be easier to find compared to the suburban districts. Minority teachers will be in higher demand because of an increase in minority enrollment, and the lack of minority teachers. Due to a greater public interest in education as well as better pay prospects, the supply of teachers is expected to grow, and employment is expected to grow as fast as average, increasing 7-13%, in the next six years (â€Å"Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. †). Teachers will always be able to find jobs due to the fact that there will always be a demand for learning. Elementary teachers make a huge impact on the lives of young children. Some teachers are remembered as role models; some are remembered as more of a parental figure, and some may just provide fond memories. Either way, they are an important part of each student’s life. They help their students develop important skills that will lead them to success in their future. Works Cited â€Å"Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. † Campus Explorer. 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Elementary School Teachers. † Oklahoma Career Information Center. 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Teachers – Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. † U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Teaching Career Salary Expectations. † EduDecisions. com. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. .

The Use Of Mass Media On The World Of Jews - 1495 Words

â€Å"People have come to accept fiction, repeated a thousand times over, as reality. Yet they have never seen Hitler, never spoken to him, never heard a word from his mouth. The very name Hitler immediately conjures up a grimacing devil, the fount of all of one’s negative emotions† (Moses). The proceeding quote, a few lines from Hitler Triumphant by Matthew Moses, tells Adolf Hitler is most commonly known for the unforgivable deeds that he committed in his lifetime. Those acts were terrible and left a scar on the world that can never be mended. However for many reasons was still a good leader, he possessed many exceptional abilities which helped him with various problems and situations. In 1939-1945 he was given the position to be chancellor of Germany, instead of doing good, he exceeded his power in an effort to diminish the world of Jews. Adolf Hitler’s tyranny is shown by the use of mass media and the control of culture, acts of genocide against Jews and the invasion and repression of other sovereign countries. Hitler was looked upon as good and bad leader, for the vast majority of German citizens they loved Hitler. He showed the ability to keep strength and courage despite Germany losing the war and for this reason people truly think he was an exceptional leader. He posed confident competence and great speaking abilities which helped him win many votes and elections. However the fact that he was implacable on controlling his army, it steered him wrong and resulted in tensShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler: Propaganda And The World War At 1937-1945.1364 Words   |  6 Pages Adolf Hitler: Propaganda and the World War at 1937-1945 Phillip E. Greaves American Military University Professor Brian Weber Adolf Hitler: Propaganda and the World War at 1937-1945 Introduction Deemed as an empire that was a creation of propaganda and thrived by propaganda, the Nazi empire under Adolf Hitler was one of the strongest forces in the Second World War between 1937 and 1945. Defined by propaganda, the Nazi Party under the leadership of Hitler dictated the economyRead MorePropaganda Is Spreading Of Information1617 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by technological advancements in the field of mass media that enabled information to be relayed to very many people within a short duration. The following media can be used to convey propaganda messages, posters, books, radio, television, film, newspapers and magazines, paintings and cartoons. The story of Nazi’s rise to power in the 1930’s is the best illustration of how propaganda can be used to achieve political success. To the Nazis use of propaganda proved to be effective. It is for thisRead MoreHitler s Political And Foreign Policy1263 Words   |  6 Pagesinformed by their mentors that college is important for getting a good job and providing for a family. Many German children joined Hitler Youth because, through propaganda, this organization seemed like a fun way to become powerful over the bad guys: the Jews. In Germany, the depression of the early 1930’s was an extreme event that caused democratic parties to lose support. The poor economy influenced people to turn to the radical Nazi party, which offered seemingly easy and quick solutions to all of theirRead MoreNazi Propaganda and The Holocaust Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesmillions based on race, religion, and ethnicity. It successfully secured the acquiescence of the general public to the crimes committed by the Nazis. The Nazi Party used their control of the media to fuel anti-Semitic belief and to persuade Germans to support the Nazi cause throughout the Holocaust and World War II. Although the Nazis were the largest political party in Germay, they did not win a majority of votes in the elections until 1933 (Kolb). Propaganda within Nazi Germany was therefore takenRead MoreGenocide and the Propaganda Media Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesphrase can be used to describe past and present day massacres being committed around the world and how media has changed its perception on this issue overtime. Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people... Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint of an idea and makes them ripe for the victory of this idea. ( Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1926). During Adolf Hitler’s time, the Jews in Europe were not very well liked. They were doing very well economically because theyRead MoreMass Media During Nazi Germany1229 Words   |  5 PagesMass Media in Nazi Germany Mass media has been used throughout history as a large influence to the public. Media was used as a way to get into people’s minds and make them envision what the person controlling this media demands, either for a positive or negative outcome. There was one man in history who enjoyed media the most by influencing his people into a horrible result which will never be forgotten, this man was the one and only Adolf Hitler. Although at the moment mass media was not so significantRead MoreAmerican Media Coverage Of The Israeli Arab Conflict1551 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Media coverage of the Israeli-Arab conflict What is an Arab? In a great number of movies Hollywood provides the answer to this question: Arabs are cruel murderers, sleazy rapists, religious fanatics, oil-rich dimwits, and abusers of women (Shaheen 2). This is how Hollywood shows Arabs to the world. Throughout the history we can trace the discrimination in several media industry against African-American, Jewish, and Hispanic people. However, in some North America’s media Arabs are depictedRead MoreRepresentations Of Religion And Western Media1499 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentations of Religion in Western Media Islam There is a current obsession in western media, (during the last decade) pertaining to â€Å"Islam and the West†. This current obsession is filled with negative signifiers with the global media’s predominantly negative, and to an extent racist portrayal of Islam and Muslims. Muslims are generally represented as violent, fanatical, bigoted, or as extremists and terrorists. Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed drastically since the start ofRead MoreDistinguishing Qualities And Connecting Them To Jews, Like1401 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinguishing qualities and connecting them to Jews, like hooked noses. This, of course, leads into stage five. Stage five is organization. Stanton writes that â€Å"Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, often using militias to provide deniability of state responsibility.† The emphasis on the supremacy of the â€Å"Aryan race† and the German worker is depicted in the picture to the right with the strong Aryan man standing above individuals who are deemed inferior, such as intellectuals orRead MoreNegative Propaganda Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe head master. â€Å"Propaganda is communication for the purpose of persuasion†. The perfect example of persuading the people in order to hurt others is the negative propaganda used in World War II. The propagandist Joseph Goebbels, claimed that propaganda should be as accurate as possible, but at what price? The media played a key role during the war though the propaganda’s minister. Germany educated its citizens to make them believe in the existence of a so-called master race. We consider that

History Of Southern California s Shoreline And...

Introduction On the afternoon of January 28, 1969, a terrible environmental disaster occurred when a well blowout on the Union Oil Company platform A, causing one of the largest oil spill in the United States. The platform was located in Summerland Oil Field pier which 6 miles east of city of Santa Barbara. Riggers desperately tried to repair the well before oil started spreading to the shoreline. Needless to say, the effects of the oil spill sparked outrage from the local community and the media that inevitably caused ecological effects, safety and ethical concerns. It took oil workers a total of 11 days to cap the ruptured pipe, while an estimated 3 million gallons of poisonous black crude oil showered the Pacific Ocean. Sadly, oceans†¦show more content†¦33). Oil companies and prospectors quickly started developing oil rigs on private beaches, and in 1896, the world’s first offshore drilling rigs was originated in Summerland, California. Summerland was a tourist town known for the tranquil climate, beautiful beaches, and health resorts. As oil rigs were being constructed, drilling was often rushed and the marine water suffered ecological harm by being the dumping grounds for waste and other harmful conditions. The local community and environmentalist were increasingly becoming outraged when the well- manicure coastlines were rapidly becoming disfigured by noisy, disruptive, plastering oil rigs. During this time, all offshore activities were unregulated by the state and the only legal requirement for prospector was that they negotiate an agreement with the owner of the ocean front property of which drilling rig would be extended (Wilder, p.31). As technology evolved, offshore drilling moved progressively into deeper water and farther away from oceanfront. In 1958, Richfield Oil Company developed the first drilling man-made island in Rincon where there was a substantial amount of oil was found. With the mounting pressure and high demand to produce more o il and gas, geologists studied the anticlinal trends and discovered the abundance of oil productive in Rincon Island extended underneath the Santa Barbara Channel. By the 1960’s, oil prospectors began to partner with one another developing into large oil

The Leadership Styles of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan...

The purpose and the intent of this paper are to compare and contrast the leadership styles and scope of influence of two historical leaders. This paper will capture what made this historical leader effective looking at these points of interest one) Integrity, two) Knowledge, three) Sincerity of purpose and four) Care for others. This paper will also view how the historical leader influenced the lives of others in a positive or negative way. How will or has this leader been remembered in history? In my personal opinion would I consider this leader a servant-leader and how did these leaders use their communication skills gain the support for their ideas doing the time of leading others. It is the hope that the reader will be able to make a†¦show more content†¦These two men were exceptional great leaders and have made a make in the U.S. as one of the greatest Presidents that ever served. The within the leadership of Kennedy he was able to create an environment that opened more communication. Kennedy led in a way that all task to be covered under his administration were done that no one felt that he was a dictator. An example of this act is John F. Kennedy asked the congress to create the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps is a program created that was established by the Executive Order in 1961 and was authorized by the U.S. Congress. This is a volunteer program ran by the government with the mission of providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand the culture while helping American understand the culture of other countries. Kennedy also founded another program the New Frontier this program promised federal funding for education, economic aid to rural regions, medical assistant and care for the elderly and the intervention to bring a stop to the recession. Reagan policies known as â€Å"Reaganomics† were aimed at controlling inflation and spurring the economic growth this was to be done through tax cuts and the r eduction in government spending. John F Kennedy was a man that led this country and government with integrity he was a man that was for the people and he thought of the people in a veryShow MoreRelatedComparison Of John F Kennedy Inaugural Address999 Words   |  4 Pages The Inauguration of President John F. Kennedy and the Farewell Address to the Nation by President Ronald Reagan share similar tones when addressing the American people. As one President enters the white house and the other leaves, both men share their admiration, strength, and compassion that the American people share when working together. The Farewell Address and the Inauguration were two of the most memorable speeches of all time. It is as though both men were speaking to the public as if theyRead MoreLeadership Styles From The Television1395 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, will be identified. Leadership theories will be used to evaluate my selected leader to determine what characteristics and leadership abilities helped this leader become successful. I will also include an evaluation of my own leadership style and identify what my individual leadership characteristics are. The plan will be developed to improve my leadership style based upon the findings of my chosen leader’s leadership style compared to my own. Leadership Style Leadership influences a group ofRead MoreAnalysis of the Leadership Style of President Obama3441 Words   |  14 Pageseveryone expected. President Obama is not yet a transformational leader like John F. Kennedy or Martin Luther King but in various situations he proved that he has a lot of characteristics of this kind of leader. 1. Introduction The election campaign of Barack Obama from November 2007 to November 2008 was not a normal campaign - it was different. He stated in inaugural speech 2008 that a â€Å"new dawn of American leadership is at hand† (Abcnews 2008). The big question is what was different to otherRead MoreAnalysis of the Leadership Style of President Obama3428 Words   |  14 Pageseveryone expected. President Obama is not yet a transformational leader like John F. Kennedy or Martin Luther King but in various situations he proved that he has a lot of characteristics of this kind of leader. 1. Introduction The election campaign of Barack Obama from November 2007 to November 2008 was not a normal campaign - it was different. He stated in inaugural speech 2008 that a â€Å"new dawn of American leadership is at hand† (Abcnews 2008). The big question is what was different to other campaignsRead MoreThe Government And The Media2441 Words   |  10 PagesInformation introduced to the public is the key to a successful possession of any political leadership position. Those who control the information flow control the collective minds of the people. They control how much the public knows and, ultimately, how the public feels. The struggle for power through information in a democratic system mentioned before is a battle waged by two major contenders: the government and the media. Mass media can be defined as venues for messages that are created forRead More The American Presidency: Evolution in Time Essay examples2450 Words   |  10 Pagesother divisions of the same government, has the power and responsibility to literally, as history has proven, change the world. The American people, like all people everywhere, want to have our (political) cake and eat it too. 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Advergames Free Essays

Synopsis Advergames – Advertising into your subconsciousness Disposition This paper investigates how advergames and anti- advergames have made a ground in our culture. I will explore how the anti- advergame movement utilizes the procedural rhetoric in order to create awareness. Furthermore I will come to a conclusion about why or if we need the anti – advergame movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Advergames or any similar topic only for you Order Now What exactly is advergames? Advergames is a great way to reach out to the consumers in a subconscious manner. Advergames are video games which contains advertisement for a product, service, or company. – Advergames are created to fill out a purpose – often to promote the company or one of the products. These games are often distributed freely as the game is a marketing tool. – Advergames can also be less obvious in their advertisement with product placement in the game. The video games is an alternative form of advertising with some advantages: they are cheap, fast, and have an extraordinary peer-to-peer marketing ability. Advertising within a video game allows for more exposures to the product than traditional ads because, according to Ellen Ratchye– Foster, a trend analyst for Fallon, â€Å"anyone who buys these games devotes weeks and weeks to getting through their levels. † This means that the consumer will see the advertisements over and over while they play, thus it may resonate with them. †1 Product placement – â€Å"Product placement in-game-advertising is most commonly found in sports titles and simulation games. For advertisers an add may be displayed multiple times and a game may provide an opportunity to ally a product’s brand image with the image of the game. – Such examples include the use Sobe drink in Tom Clancy’s Splinter Cell: Double Agent – While product placement in film and television is fairly common, this type of in-game advertising has only recently become common in games. â€Å"2 1 http://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html 2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming What is anti – advergames? Anti- advergames are games that challenge players to rethink their relationship with consumption and encourage corporate critique. â€Å"Advertisers, governments and organizations mount huge campaigns to show us what they want us to see, and we want to expose what they’re hiding,† 3 In order to create awareness for the consumer (or more precisely the player) molleindustria. org and others create anti – advergames. The video games satirize big companies and question corporate polices ranging from how cattle are raised (The McDonald’s Videogame) to low pay for workers (Disaffected! . â€Å"I’ve always had a complicated relationship with advertising,† Bogost said. â€Å"It’s everywhere, and it’s becoming more and more parasitic. Yet, because it’s everywhere it has the power to influence people positively as well as negatively. † 4 When attempting to sell games as a persuasive medium, those in the business early on fou nd it useful to refer to this class of games as serious games. Ian Bogost wrote the book †Persuasive games† where he analysed the rhetoric these games used in their attempt to share information. Persuasive games – Ian Bogost †A book about how videogames make arguments: rhetoric, computing, politics, advertising, learning. In Persuasive Games, Ian Bogost explains how companies with the video game as a medium can make arguments and influence players. The games represent how the real and artificial/imagined systems work, and the players are invited to an interaction with the system to form an opinion about them. Bogost analyses the unique functions of rhetoric in software and especially in videogames. He argues that videogames because of their representation of procedurality open a whole new domain for persuasion, a new form for rhetoric. 5 3 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 4 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 5 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml This new form is called â€Å"procedural rhetoric† and is a form of rhetoric that is tied to the core affordances of computers which is running processes an executing a rule-based symbolic manipulation. 6 Procedural rhetoric is the practice of authoring arguments through processes. Computer games are interesting in this regard because they are some of the most complex processes that exist. †Covering both commercial and non-commercial games from the earliest arcade games through contemporaty titles, I look at three areas in which videogame persuasion has already taken form and shows considerable potential: politics, advertising, and education. The book reflects both theoretical and game-design goals. †7 The McDonald’s Videogame example McDonald’s video game is a good example of procedural rhetoric. The game was designed to persuade you that McDonald’s business model is corrupt. The McDonald’s Videogame mounts a procedural rhetoric about the necessity of corruption in the global fast food business, and the overwhelming temptation of greed, which leads to more corruption. In order to succeed in the longterm, the player must use growth hormones, he must coerce banana republics, and he must mount PR and lobbying campaigns. â⠂¬ 8 The game makes a procedural argument about the inherent problems in the fast food industry, particularly the necessity of overstepping environmental and health-related boundaries. Critical Play – Mary Flanagan While Ian Bogost’s procedural rhetoric explore the expressive processes in video games, Mary Flanagan examines the theories of critical play which considers how designing a play space in a 6 7 8 9 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 video game can be a kind of social activism. Definition of critical Play To Flanagan, critical play â€Å"means to create or occupy play environments and activities that represent one or more questions about aspects of human life,†10 and â€Å"is characterized by a careful examination of social, cultural, political, or even personal themes that function as alternates to popular play spaces. [†¦] Thus the goal in theorizing a critical game-design paradigm is as much about the creative person’s interest in critiquing the status quo as it is about using play for such a phase change†11. The connection that this process has with social activism is that the games that people play and how they play those games change in response to culture. The doll example A simple example of critical play in a natural setting is playing with dolls. They are often used to enforce gender roles and stereotypes, many young girls today and in the early days of the doll industry would use dolls to break down social roles. Violent fantasies, macabre funerals, and other forms of changing the way play worked with dolls provides a striking example of critical play in its natural form. 2 10 Critical Play: Radical game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 11 Critical Play: Radical game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 12 http://www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play Anti – advergames Ian Bogost is one of the founding fathers of anti- advergames and in his book Persuasive Games he describes how procedural rhetoric can be used to understand the problems in our culture. â€Å"Disa ffected! Does not purport to proceduralize a solution to Kinko’s customer service or labour issues. But its procedural rhetoric of incompetence does underscore the problem of disaffection in contemporary culture, on both sides of the counter. We’re dissatisfied or unwilling to support structures of authority, but we do scarcely little about it. We go to work at lousy jobs with poor benefits and ill treatment. We shrug off poor customer service and bad products, assuming that nothing can be done and ignoring the reasons why workers might feel disenfranchised in the first place. We take for granted that we can’t reach people in authority. These problems extend far beyond copy stores. Disaffected has, like the McDonald’s video game, no solution to how we change the problem. The game attempts instead to inform and educate the users by using the procedural rhetoric, showing how the organisation/world through processes affect everyone. The question is, does anti – advergames really have the effekt that Bogost and other gamedesigners think it does? Its a question with more than one side. On one hand people do get a better understanding of the structure and the core of the message but how is that different form any other campaign? On the other hand we already know that Billion dollar companies may be a little rough around the edges and that morally the best thing (in a perfect world) would be to avoid the products and companies altogether. So why do we need anti – advergames to inform us about the dangers? The point is to create awareness. There arent any (easy) solution to the problems so the next best thing is to make people aware of how the system works so that we dont stand idly by. This does not mean that the anti- advergames are created in a belief that the user, by playing the video game, is fully enlightened on completion of the game. Often the player already has insight in how the system works as the people who aren’t interested in the critique wont be interested in the game either. None the less designers like Ian Bogost and Paolo Pedercini (molleindustria. org) feel their work will have some effect. At the very least, they contend, players might start thinking about corporations in new ways. The games, Pedercini said, â€Å"can make people ask some questions, and for instance read a book or consider that there are a lot of motivations to change their lifestyles. â€Å"13 Brad Scott, director of digital branding at Landor Associates has an other opinion: â€Å"I don’t know that they would have that negative effect on the brand,† Scott said. â€Å"You can almost use it as, ‘Boy, we’ve become such an icon as a brand that we’re being mimicked by video games. † 14 I cant say which statement I think is correct but I think that advergames are a great way of advertising. There is an enormous amount of people who play video games, â€Å"according to the Interactive Digital Software Association, as many as 60% of Americans over age 6 play them. Putting that statistic together with the number of people using the internet, you have a phenomenal am ount of people you can market to. â€Å"15 This great area of potential would of course be a great place for marketing, both commercial and non-commercial. It would be a waste not to utilize it especially if the people aren’t as offended or as immune as to other of the more traditional methods of advertising. 13 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 14 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 15 http://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html 7 Digital Kultur Conclusion Advergames are becoming more and more popular as the availability to the internet increases. The video game is like any other media being used to the benefit of the marketing industry and why not? The anti – advergame movement with Ian Bogost criticise the marketing industry for being omnipresent and overpowering in its behaviour but is itself a game that has an agenda. Despite all, the anti – advergames are needed. The goal is not to come up with a solution, but to create awareness, and that is exactly what they do. We have an anti advertising forum in any other media, why not in the video games? 8 http://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming http://www. molleindustria. rg/node/149 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml http://www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 Texts Ian Bogost, ‘The Rhetoric of video games, in The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2008 Ian Bogost, ‘Procedural Rhetoric’ [extract], in Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2007 Mary Flanagan, ‘Introduction to Critical Play’, in Critical Play: Radical Game Design, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press 2009 9 How to cite Advergames, Papers

What Is Scientific Method Use for free essay sample

Antron Brown What liquids cleans pennies the best? I want to see which liquid pine-sol, vinegar, or lemon juice can get the rust off the penny to make it shine like brand new. Hypothesis – I think the vinegar would clean the penny better than the lemon juice or pine-sol. I think the lemon juice will not do anything at all and the pine-sol will just make the penny smell good. MATERIALS †¢ 3 plastic cups †¢ Vinegar †¢ Lemon juice †¢ Lemon pine-sol †¢ 3 dirty pennies †¢ Composition book Vinegar is a versatile liquid which results from the fermentation of ethanol. The main ingredient of vinegar is  acetic acid which makes it an acidic taste. Lemon juice is made from fresh lemons squeezed to get the juice out. It’s essentially made up of citric acid and lemons. Pine Sol and generally other kinds of household cleaners are prepared with a custom blend of pine oil or scent water and ammonia. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Scientific Method Use for or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Various cleaners use different kinds of additives for decreasing streaks or leaving a pleasant scent. A new penny is partially made from bright, polished copper. But after awhile, pennies loses its shine. Why? When the copper combines with the oxygen in the air and makes a covering called an oxide. When you put the penny in lemon juice the acid in the lemon chemically eliminated the oxide and youre left with a bright copper penny http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_does_a_penny_rust#ixzz1fL1h5phh http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Whats_lemon_juice_made_out_ofaltQ=What_is_lemon_juice_made_ofisLookUp=1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pine-Sol http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-vinegar. htM